The East PacificBoard

Description
- A poisonous corrosive vapour, a extremely toxic synthetic chemical compound in the organophosphorous class, specifically, a thiphosphate.
-Developed after translation of earlier discoveries of organophosphate toxicity in pesticide research.
-YCX is the least volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it is the slowest to evaporate from a liquid into a vapor. Therefore, YCX is persistent in the environment. Under average weather conditions, YCX can last for days on objects that it has come in contact with. Under very cold conditions, YCX can last for months.
-YCX is the most potent of all nerve agents. Compared with the nerve agent sarin (also known as GB), YCX is considered to be much more toxic by entry through the skin and somewhat more toxic by inhalation.
-Since YCX Gas is heavier in air, it has the ability to pass through trenches.
-YCX2, made from the same properties of its mother gas but lesser effects,infectivity and lethality. Often deployed as a binary gas to enhance the effects of its mother gas.

Properties
-In pure form, its an oily, relatively non-volatile, liquid that is amber in color.
-But in gas form it is an odorless, transparent and fragranceless gas that looks like a smoke.
-Its also a binary gas as it can be deployed after releasing YCX2 a weaker version of YCX gas but when deployed after it can severely increase the effects on the human body.

Chemical Properties
Chemical formula - C11H26NO2PS
Molar mass - 267.37 g·mol−1
Density - 1.0083 g cm−3
Melting point - −51 °C (−60 °F; 222 K)
Boiling point - 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
log P - 2.047
Vapor pressure - 0.09 Pa

The danger of YCX, in particular, lies in direct exposure to the chemical agent persisting where it was dispersed, and not through its evaporating and being distributed as a vapor (i.e. it is not a "vapor hazard"). YCX is considered an area denial weapon due to these physical and biochemical characteristics.

Synthesis

SP-(−)-YCX enantiomer

YCX is chiral at its phosphorus atom. The individual enantiomers are identified as SP-(−)-YCX and RP-(+)-YCX (where the "P" subscript highlights that the chirality is at phosphorus).

YCX Is produced via the transester process, which gives a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers. This entails a series of steps whereby phosphorus trichloride is methylated to produce methyl phosphonous dichloride. The resulting material is reacted with ethanol to form a diester. This is then transesterified with N,N-diisopropylaminoethanol to produce the mixed phosphonite. Finally, this immediate precursor is reacted with sulfur to form YCX.

Solvolysis
Like other organophosphorus nerve agents, YCX may be destroyed by reaction with strong nucleophiles. The reaction of YCX with concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide results in two competing solvolysis reactions: cleavage of either the P–O or P–S esters. Although the P–S cleavage is the dominant pathway, the product of P–O bond cleavage is the toxic phosphonic thioester EA-2192 and both reactions are slow. In contrast, reaction with the hydroperoxide anion (hydroperoxidolysis) leads to exclusive cleavage of the P–S bond and a more rapid overall reaction.

Effects
-With exposure to tens if milligram quantities via inhalation or absorption through skin, YCX is thus more potent than sarin, as it bypasses any kind of fabric including; leather, silk, cashmere, rubber, cotton etc. Direct contact will immediately cause a burn on the body part that contacted the gas.

-On such exposure, these agents severely disrupt the body's signaling between the nervous and muscular systems, leading to a prolonged neuromuscular blockade, flaccid to permanent body paralysis of all the muscles in the body including the diaphragm and death by asphyxiation.

-Early symptoms of percutaneous exposure (skin contact) include local sweating and muscular twitching at the area of exposure, followed by nausea or vomiting. Early symptoms of exposure to YCX vapor include rhinorrhea (runny nose) and/or tightness in the chest with shortness of breath (bronchial constriction). Miosis (pinpointing of the pupils) may be an early sign of agent exposure, but is not usually used as the only indicator of exposure.

-People may not know they were exposed to YCX because it has no odor.

-People exposed to a low or moderate dose of YcX by inhalation, ingestion (swallowing), or skin absorption may experience some or all of the following symptoms within seconds to hours of exposure:

• Abnormally low or high blood pressure

• Blurred vision

• Chest tightness

• Confusion

• Cough

• Diarrhea

• Drooling and excessive sweating

• Drowsiness

• Eye pain

• Headache

• Increased urination

• Nausea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain

• Rapid breathing

• Runny nose

• Slow or fast heart rate

• Small, pinpoint pupils

• Watery eyes

• Weakness

-Even a tiny drop of nerve agent on the skin can cause sweating and muscle twitching where the agent touched the skin.
Exposure to a large dose of YCX by any route may result in these additional health effects:

• Convulsions

• Loss of consciousness

• Paralysis

• Respiratory failure possibly leading to death

-Showing these signs and symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has been exposed to YCX.

Toxicology
-YCX is a "particularly toxic nerve agent". The potentially fatal dose is only slightly higher than the dose having any effect at all, and the effects of a fatal dose are so rapid that there is little time for treatment. The median lethal dose (LD50)—the exposure required to kill half of a tested population—as estimated for 70 kg human males via exposure to the skin is reported to be 5 - 10 mg (0.00035 oz), and the lethal concentration time (LCt50), measuring the concentration of the vapor or aerosol per length of time exposed, is estimated for YCX to be 10 - 15 mg·min/m3 for exposure time of two minutes at a minute volume of 15 l (minute volume of 15 l corresponds to slight physical activity like slow walking).

-544 kg of YCX (under ideal conditions) would be sufficient to seriously contaminate an area 530 m wide and 3500 m long (1.5 km2).

Treatment
-When treating YCX exposure, primary consideration is given to removal of the liquid agent from the skin, before removal of the individual to an uncontaminated area or atmosphere. After this, the victim is decontaminated by washing the contaminated areas with household bleach and flushing with clean water, followed by removal of contaminated clothing and further skin decontamination. When possible, decontamination is completed before the casualty is taken for further medical treatment.

-An individual known to have been exposed to a nerve-agent, or who exhibits definite signs or symptoms of nerve-agent exposure is generally given the antidotes atropine and pralidoxime(2-PAM), and in the case of convulsions an injected sedative/antiepileptic such as diazepam

-Atropine blocks a subset of acetylcholine receptors known as muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs), so that the buildup of acetylcholine produced by loss of the acetylcholinesterase function has a reduced effect on their target receptor.

-PAM reactivates the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), thus reversing the effects of YCX. YCX and other organophosphates block AChE activity by binding to and covalently inactivating the enzyme via transfer of the phosphonate moiety from YCX to the active site of AChE; this inactivates AChE and produces an inactive bybroduct from the remaining portion of the YCX molecule. Pralidoxime (2-PAM) removes this phosphate group.

Antidotes(TL:DR)
-Atropine
-Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
-Diazepam (case of convulsions an injected sedative/antiepileptic)

Containment
- YCX & YCX2 can be contained in a oxygen tank and cannot be compressed up to 2,000 bar (300 psi) and the size of the tank ranging from 6.5-8 inches in diameter and 33-36 inches in height, must be stored in a room temperatured room or a room with no lower than -4 degrees celsius. Aerosol filter with basalt salt water crystals must be put inside the mouth opening of the tank to decrease the effects of YCX gas incase of opening leak and also must be put in the room with the said filters. In case of gas leak, Salt Water must be immediately dispersed off the room to evaporate the gas.